THE CURRENT BLOG (ONLINE BOOK) HAS MAINLY SPECULATIVE CHARACTER AND IS INTRODUCING ONLY VERY PARTIALLY NEW QUANTITATIVE FORMULAE OF PHYSICAL PHENOMENA. IT IS MAINLY A CHANGE OF PERCEPTION OF THE PHYSICAL REALITY AS WE KNOW IT, TO ONE THAT HAS ALSO A 2ND MICROSCOPIC LAYER BASED ON THE ANALOGUE OF THE TRIAD OF FREE AND PERMANENT PARTICLES OF PROTON ELECTRON AND NEUTRON BUT ON A SMALLER SCALE AS MICRO-TRIAD OF FREE AND PERMANENT PARTICLES OF MICRO-PROTON MICRO-ELECTRON AND MICRO-NEUTRON (BUT ALSO MACROSCOPIC LAYER) , THAT CURRENTLY WE KNOW PARTIALLY AS FIELDS LIKE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD, ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD OR QUANTUM VACUUM. THE MAIN PROOF OF THEIR EXISTENCE IS THE FAMOUS IN QUANTUM MECHANICS, 2-SLIT ELECTRON EXPERIMENT WHERE IT IS PHOTOGRAPHED NOT ONLY THE ELECTRON THIS HITS THE PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATE BUT ALSO THE WAVE OF CHARGE BY SUCH MICRO-PARTICLES THAT THE ELECTRON MOTION CREATES. WE LEAVE OPEN THE MANY DIFFERENT WAYS THAT THE MATTER OF PROTONS/NEUTRONS/ELECTRONS CAN COUPLE WITH THE 2ND LAYER MATTER OF MICRO-PROTINS/MICRO-NEUTRONS/MICRO-ELECTRONS IN OTHER WORDS THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD AND THE "QUANTUM VACUUM".
THE ONLY NEW SPECULATION OF QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTION IS THE APPLICATION OF THE WELL KNOWN NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS FOR THIS 2ND MICROSCOPIC FLUID LAYER IN THE ABSENCE OF COUPLING WITH THE VISIBLE MATTER (OF ELECTRONS PROTONS NEUTRONS OR PLANETS ). THEREFORE A QUANTITATIVE FORMULATION WHICH IS OF APPLICATIONS TO A RATHER MACROSCOPIC SCALE E.G. SOLAR SYSTEM SCALE. IT IS SPECULATED THOUGH HOW BY CHANGING THE PERCEPTION OF MATERIAL REALITY FROM A SINGLE LAYER (OR FREQUENCY) OF THE STANDARD ABOVE FREE AND PERMANENT TRIAD OF PARTICLES TO AT LEAST A DOUBLE LAYER (OR FREQUENCIES) PHYSICAL REALITY WITH BOTH THE STANDARD TRIAD OF FREE AND PERMANENT PARTICLES BUT ALSO MICRO-TRIAD OF FREE AND PERMANENT PARTICLES WE COULD DO THE NEXT:
A) REFORMULATE EQUATIONS OF GRAVITATION WHICH INCLUDE THOSE OF I. NEWTON AND ARE MORE EXACT AND PHYSICALLY MEANINGFUL AND REALISTIC THAN THOSE OF A. EINSTEIN.
B) REFORMULATE AND PROVE AGAIN THE SPECIAL RELATIVITY FORMULAE AS A KIND OF "LINEARIZED WAVED INERTIA" OF E.G. AN ELECTRON ON THE SUBSTRATUM 2ND LAYER PHYSICAL REALITY, BUT UNDER TOTALLY DIFFERENT AXIOMS THAT DO NOT INVOLVE THAT NOTHING GOES FASTER THAN LIGHT.
C) REFORMULATE NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS FOR THE CLASSICAL ELECTROMAGNETISM WHICH INVOLVE THOUGH MAGNITUDES OF GRAVITATION TOO, FOR LARGE SCALE PHENOMENA E.G. SOLAR SYSTEM SCALE PHENOMENA . THE CLASSICAL ELECTROMAGNETISM IS ONLY THE LINEAR COUPLING OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD WHICH IS MADE FROM THE MICRO-TRIAD OF MICRO-PROTONS MICRO-NEUTRONS AND MICRO-ELECTRONS, WITH THE MATTER OF ELECTRONS/PROTONS/NEUTRONS AND IS ACCEPTABLE APPROXIMATELY CORRECT AT SMALL LABORATORY SCALE.
D) AFTER THE JOIN REFORMULATION OF CLASSICAL GRAVITATION AND CLASSICAL ELECTROMAGNETISM IN THE NEXT DECADES PREDICT THE EXISTENCE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC DEVICES THAT MAY EXTRACT RENEWABLE SOLAR ENERGY STORED IN THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD (FREE ENERGY). AND THE EXISTENCE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPULSION FLYING VEHICLES IN VARIOUS SHAPES, INCLUDING DISC-SHAPES, THAT MAY USE THE ABOVE ENERGY FOR FLYING .
E) DERIVE THE SCHRODINGER WAVE MECHANICS OR THE EQUIVALENT HEISENBERG MATRIX MECHANICS FROM A LINEAR COUPLING OF THE SUBSTRATUM LAYER NEUTRAL FLUID OF MICRO-TRIAD OF FREE AND PERMANENT PARTICLES (CALLED ERRONEOUSLY QUANTUM VACUUM) OR GRAVITATIONAL FIELD WITH THE MATTER OF ELECTRONS/PROTONS/NEUTRONS.
IN SUMMARY MORE THAN 80% THE CONTENT OF THE CURRENT WORKS IS TO CHANGE DEEPLY AND IN A PROFOUND WAY OUR QUALITATIVE PERCEPTIONS ABOUT THE PHYSICAL REALITY WHICH CAN LEAD IN THE FUTURE DECADES TO A UNIFIED QUANTITATIVE APPROACH TO GRAVITATION AND ELECTROMAGNETISM. IN LESS THAN 20% OF THE SPECULATIONS, THE ONLY QUANTITATIVE SET OF FORMULAE (THOSE OF NAVIER-STOKES) THAT ARE INTRODUCED ARE ONLY A PRELIMINARY STEP THAT CAN BE DONE IN RATHER EASIER WAY FOR THIS UNIFICATION, AND HAS APPLICATIONS MAINLY TO LARGER SCALE PHENOMENA E.G. SOLAR SYSTEM SCALE GRAVITATION AND ELECTROMAGNETISM.
REMARK ABOUT THE USE OF THE TERM "AETHER" IN THE CURRENT BOOK BECAUSE THE TERM AETHER IS KNOWN TO BE DISCREDITED AT LEAST FOR A WHOLE CENTURY, WE NEED TO CLARIFY ITS RELEVANCY TO THE THEORIES OF FIELDS WHICH ARE WELL ACCEPTED.
1) SPECIAL AND GENERAL RELATIVITY ARE NOTHING MORE THAN MODELS OF AETHER FOR INERTIAL MASS, AND FOR THE UNIVERSAL ATTRACTION. ANY MODEL OF AETHER AS CLASSICAL "FIELD" (GRAVITATIONAL OR ELECTROMAGNETIC ETC) THAT DOES NOT GET DEEPLY TO THE INDIVISIBLE FREE AND PERMANENT PARTICLES MATERIAL STRUCTURE OF THE FIELD ITSELF, IS INADEQUATE FOR A FULL MODEL OF AETHER AS WE SHALL SEE. THE INDIVISIBLEs OR PARTICLES OF A FIELD ARE OBVIOUSLY NONE OF THE KNOWN PARTICLES, BUT STILL THEY CAN BE AS SIMPLE AS THE KNOWN TRIADS OF PROTON, NEUTRON ELECTRON ONLY AT RADICALLY SMALLER SIZE.
OTHER CLASSICAL MODELS OF AETHER ARE
2) THE MAXWELL'S ELECTROMAGMETIC FIELD (OR ELECTROMAGNETIZED AETHER AS MAXWELL WAS CALLING IT)
3) THE QUANTUM VACUUM THAT AS SUBSTRATUM GIVES RANDOMNESS TO MOTIONS OF PROTONS, NEUTRONS, ELECTRONS THROUGH THE SCHRODINGER WAVE EQUATION (DEBROGLIE-SCHROENDINGER-DIRAC'S AETHER)
A MODERN SUCCESSFUL UNIFYING THEORY OF "AETHER" AS A GASEOUS FLUID ,OR IN BETTER TERMS 2ND FREQUENCY MATERIAL PHYSICAL REALITY (SEE ALSO POST 6 ) SHOULD BE ABLE TO DERIVE ALL THE ABOVE 20TH CENTURY CONCEPTS OF ""AETHER" IN OTHER WORDS
FROM THE CONCEPT OF 2ND FREQUENCY MATERIAL REALITY AND IN PARTICULAR FROM THE CONCEPT OF GASEOUS FLUID FROM 3 TYPES OF PERMANENT AND FREE PARTICLES (LIKE MICRO-ELECTRON, MICRO-PROTON, MICRO-NEUTRON) WE SHOULD BE ABLE TO DERIVE AS SPECIAL TYPE APPROXIMATIONS UNDER SIMPLIFYING ASSUMPTIONS
1) THE LABORATORY MID-SCALE LINEAR CLASSICAL MAXWELL EQUATIONS OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD (LABRATORY MID-SCALE INTERACTION OF CHARGED MATTER WITH "AETHER" )
2) THE MACROSCOPIC EINSTEINS AND NEWTONS EQUATIONS OF TH GRAVITATIONAL FIELD, AND EINSTEINS EQUATIONS OF SPECIAL RELATIVITY (MACROSCOPIC INTERACTION OF NEUTRAL MATTER WITH "AETHER" )
3) THE MICROSCOPIC SCHROENDINGERS EQUATIONS OF MOTION OF PARTICLES (MICROSCOPIC INTERACTION OF NEUTRAL MATTER WITH "AETHER" )
THE USE OF THE TERM "AETHER" IN THE CURRENT RESEARCH IS AS A SUMMARY OF THE WELL ESTABLISHED PHYSICAL THEORIES OF 1) ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD 2) SPECIAL RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATIONAL FIELD 3) QUANTUM "VACUUM" SUBSTRATUM IN THE SCHROENDINGER WAVE EQUATION.
THE INTENDED UNIFICATION AND DERIVATION OF THE ABOVE FIELDS, IS WHEN WE CONCEIVE "AETHER" AS THE PLASMA STATE OF THE 2ND FREQUENCY MATERIAL REALITY (NOT THE PLASMA OF THE 1ST FREQUENCY MATERIAL REALITY).(See also post 6)
THE USE OF THE TERM "AETHER" IN THE CURRENT RESEARCH IS AS A SUMMARY OF THE WELL ESTABLISHED PHYSICAL THEORIES OF 1) ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD 2) SPECIAL RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATIONAL FIELD 3) QUANTUM "VACUUM" SUBSTRATUM IN THE SCHROENDINGER WAVE EQUATION.
THE INTENDED UNIFICATION AND DERIVATION OF THE ABOVE FIELDS, IS WHEN WE CONCEIVE "AETHER" AS THE PLASMA STATE OF THE 2ND FREQUENCY MATERIAL REALITY (NOT THE PLASMA OF THE 1ST FREQUENCY MATERIAL REALITY).(See also post 6)
5.0 Introduction.
In this paragraph we shall suggest what is the new electromagnetism and how to try to obtain equations for it. The main applications follow from the possibility of new electromagnetic propulsion. As there not sufficient published quantitative measurements, we follow here the path of figuring out the necessary equations from the qualitative description of new experimental discoveries, in the Internet, and the most probable scenario for modification of the equations, that is consistent with the insights of the old great masters in physics and their visions for future developments in the science of physics. Only detailed experimental measurements could prove a system of equations as valid in the details. So for the present, the author is not in a position to verify the suggested equations but only qualitatively. If future experimental researchers verify the suggested equations then the underlying physics suggested here should be accepted as true.
5.1 New relevant experimental facts
The most relevant discovery is the new electromagnetic propulsion of the J. Searl’s motor (see paragraph 0 and references).
5.2 Justification of the chosen theoretical innovations and modifications.
The new experimental discoveries lead to the next requirements:
1) It is required a system of equations and a theoretical model of the field interactions that predicts both the known experiments and the new with consistency.
2) It is required that the old equations are derived as an approximate limiting case or other special case.
3) It is required to describe the field as a gaseous material fluid.
4) It is required that the modifications are minimal or simplest so as to meet the properties 1,2,3.
The idea is that it is required a minimum modification of the equations that with some coupling equations of mater and the field-gas give the Maxwell equations.
The first to give key was Mie (see [Weyl] paragraph 26 pp206-217).
Mie suggested to interpret the scalar electromagnetic potential a0 as the pressure of a gas in field-gas and the scalar electromagnetic potential A as its momentum.
In the light of the above interpretation the Maxwell’s equations
Formulated for the potentials :
(5.1)
 |
(5.2)
acquire fluid dynamics meaning and are obviously forced waves of some sub-fluid of the field-gas created by the motion or presence of protons and electrons.
The similarity with the wave equation of sound waves in air with the D’ Alambertian hyperbolic partial differential operator is remarkable:
(5.3)
This suggest nevertheless, that if (5.3) is linearised approximation, derived from the Euler equation (momentum conservation ) of gasses.
In [Landau-Lifshitz] the equation (5.3) is derived from the equation of Euler with the assumption of potential flow (see [[Landau-Lifshitz] pp 245-246).
See also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_equation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_wave
and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_flow
The Helmholtz-Hodge decomposition of any velocity field (see e.g. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz_decomposition ), will give that the aether velocity field can be decomposed in to a part with scalar velocity potential (potential or irrotational flow) , and a vector velocity potential (divergence free or solenoidal or incompressible flow).
The first part with the Landau derivation will derive the forced wave of the scalar electromagnetic potential potential, while the second part will derive the forced wave equation of the vector electromagnetic potential. Both are nevertheless linearizations of the non-Linear Navier-Stokes equations of velocities (ad pressures)
See also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_equation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_wave
and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_flow
The Helmholtz-Hodge decomposition of any velocity field (see e.g. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz_decomposition ), will give that the aether velocity field can be decomposed in to a part with scalar velocity potential (potential or irrotational flow) , and a vector velocity potential (divergence free or solenoidal or incompressible flow).
The first part with the Landau derivation will derive the forced wave of the scalar electromagnetic potential potential, while the second part will derive the forced wave equation of the vector electromagnetic potential. Both are nevertheless linearizations of the non-Linear Navier-Stokes equations of velocities (ad pressures)
As we shall see later, after the basic charged aether parameters interpretation of the vector and scalar electromagnetic potential,
This is the basic linearized interaction of changed matter and charged aether. Of cource the full interaction is non-linear.
We may notice that both equations (5.1), (5.2) , are the equations of forced waves (the D' Alembert's wave equation) The (5.1) forced wave of charged aether pressures, from the spin of a static charged (free permanent) elementary material particle (proton or electron) , and the (5.2), the forced wave on the charged aethers velocities (or vector momentum density) from the spin of moving material elementary particles (like electron, proton) .
In short the linear electromagnetism (Maxwell's electromagnetism) simply formulates, that the static or moving (free permanent ) elementary particles create waves due to heir intrinsic spin frequency. This is the basic linearized interaction of changed matter and charged aether. Of cource the full interaction is non-linear.
As we have already made use of the dynamic parameters of the neutral field-gas, in the paragraph 2, we must deal here most probably with sub-fluids of the neutral field fluid. Thus we are lead to introduce three sub-fluids of the neutral field-gas: The plus, the minus and the neutral. Their superposition in naturally balanced proportions must give the neutral field-gas (Dirac’s gas) as in the paragraph 2.
In the present approach of the three sub-fluids, the electromagnetism is a "non-mechanical" interaction relative to the two layers, layer 0, (or in the positive counting 3) and layer -1, (or in the positive counting 4)that we consider. To make it a purely mechanical interaction we should include at least one more material layer, layer -2, (or in the positive counting 5). In the case of gravitation it was necessary also to include three layer, layer +1, (or in the positive counting 2), layer 0, (or in the positive counting 3), layer -1, (or in the positive counting 4), to explain in a purely mechanical way the gravitational interaction of celestial bodies. In the present approach we assume at least three different types of aetheron particles, (we could call them the micro-proton, the micro-electron and the micro-neutron) that interact by simple Coulomb electrostatic type interaction with "infinite" speed. We do not assume any "magnetism-type" interaction for them inside the field-gas (layer-1, (or in the positive counting 4)). The first as far as I know during 20th century, to conceive the charge of the field-gas (not the material charge) was Shroendinger in his analysis of the two slit electron experiment (see [Jammer M]), an analysis that was unfortunatly soon forgoten after the dogma of the "quantum vacuum".
The traditional magnetism is derivable with this simple "electrostatic" interaction after fluid dynamic effects. Nevertheless we are still with "non-mechanical" interaction. If we would like to derive it from neutral fluid dynamics, we should include the fluid dynamics of layer –2, (or in the positive counting 5). There (at layer –2, (or in the positive counting 5)) the duality of positive and negative charge (of field-gas particles of layer –1, (or in the positive counting 4)), is resolved to the concept of force interaction of fluids at motion and the right hand and left hand orientation of geometry.
Then in its turn the electrostatics derive ordinary magnetism in its layer after fluid dynamics! Thus the details of a purelly mecahnical derivation of electromagnetism would require layer -2, (or in the positive counting 5)too! But we do not intent to do so with electromagnetism as far as the mathematical formulation is concerned and prefer to include in the equations only the momentum and energy of layer-1, (or in the positive counting 4), in order to be as close as possible to the Maxwell's equations. And thus by introducing the "approximating" three sub-fluids , the non-mechanical energy terms of Maxwell are necessary in the equations. History of physics supports only layer -1, (or in the positive counting 4), and even this was partly withdrawn during 20th century, so it would be too daring for the moment to introduce it.And this approximation is good enough to give the required new macroscopic effects of electromagnetism.
5.3 New physical hypotheses and laws of the particle structure of the electromagnetic field. . The electromagnetic field consists of free permanent particles of positive , negative and neutral charge maybe 10^36 times smaller than the electron!
Macroscopic keys for the new non-linear electromagnetism
H 5.1 The neutral field fluid consists of three sub-fluids, the plus, the minus and the neutral. In natural balance they give the neutral field fluid. When the mixture is disturbed by charged matter (layer 0, (or in the positive counting 3)) , one of the two sub-fluids the minus or the plus is of higher density. This makes the electromagnetised field-gas of Maxwell. Around electrons is accumulated the minus sub-fluid, and around protons the plus sub-fluid.
THE MAIN PROOF OF THE EXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROTON , MICRO-ELECTRON AND MICRO-NEUTRON IS THE FAMOUS IN QUANTUM MECHANICS, 2-SLIT ELECTRON EXPERIMENT WHERE IT IS PHOTOGRAPHED NOT ONLY THE ELECTRON THIS HITS THE PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATE BUT ALSO THE WAVE OF CHARGE BY SUCH MICRO-PARTICLES THAT THE ELECTRON MOTION CREATES.
THE MAIN PROOF OF THE EXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROTON , MICRO-ELECTRON AND MICRO-NEUTRON IS THE FAMOUS IN QUANTUM MECHANICS, 2-SLIT ELECTRON EXPERIMENT WHERE IT IS PHOTOGRAPHED NOT ONLY THE ELECTRON THIS HITS THE PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATE BUT ALSO THE WAVE OF CHARGE BY SUCH MICRO-PARTICLES THAT THE ELECTRON MOTION CREATES.
H 5.2 We may write simple equations about the three sub-fluids from the standard equations of mixture of gasses.
The +,0,- subscripts mean that the quantity is of the plus or neutral or minus partial sub gas of the field-gas .
P: pressure of the field-gas
P=p0+p++p-
ρ: density of the field-gas
ρ=ρ0+ρ++ρ-
E: internal energy of the field-gas
E=e0+e++e-
U velocity of the charged field-gas
U=(vx,vy,vz)
ρU=ρ0U0+ρ+U++ρ-U-
Or
J=J0+J++J-
Where J is the momentum density.
H 5.3 Macroscopic keys for the electromagnetism.
The relation of the classical electromagnetic potentials and the dynamic variables of the three sub-fluids are as follows.
Vector electromagnetic potential
A=λ1(ρ-U--ρ+U+) =λ(J--J+)
In other words the vector potential (or magnetic potential) as the momentum density of the aether charge.
or
A=λ1(U--U+)
In other words the vector potential (or magnetic potential) as the velocity of the aether charge if we assume constant aether-charge density.
In other words the vector potential (or magnetic potential) as the momentum density of the aether charge.
or
A=λ1(U--U+)
In other words the vector potential (or magnetic potential) as the velocity of the aether charge if we assume constant aether-charge density.
Scalar electromagnetic potential:
a=λ2( ρ--ρ+) in other words the scalar electromagnetic potential as aether charge density.
The latter correspondence of the scalar electromagnetic potential as aether charge density, seems also plausible, as then the Lorentz gauge
∇ · A = − (1 /c )^2 (∂a/ ∂t ) is simple the aether change conservation!
(Aether change consists not from electrons but micro-electrons or charged aetherons. The Aether charge waves that are couble with moving electrons are responsible for the famous paradox of double slit electron interference experiment in quantum mechanics)
The two correspondence of scalar and vector potentials under the hypothesis of barotropic flow, seem plausible as then the Electric field is then simply the divergence of the aether charge modified by the dynamic effect of momentum of the aether charge!
AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE ABOVE FLUID-DYNAMICS CONJECTURED MODEL OF AETHER-CHANGE AND MATERIAL-CHANGE INTERACTION, WE MIGHT SIMPLY ASSUME THAT CHARGED AETHERONS (MICRO-ELECTRONS AND MICRO-PROTONS ) INTERACT BETWEEN THEM WITH AN INVERSE-SQUARE LAW OF FORCE AS ALSO THE ELECTRONS AND PROTONS, AND THE SAME WITH MICRO-ELECTRONS WITH PROTONS ETC AND FORMULATE A STATISTICAL MECHANICS MODEL OF THE TWO INTERACTING FLUIDS (MATERIAL-CHARGE AND AETHER-CHARGE)
H 5.4 The coupling of the charged mater (layer 0, (or in the positive counting 3)) with the three sub-fluids of the field-gas (layer -1, (or in the positive counting 4)) is also described in the next paragraph.We assume that there is a simple proportionality of the momentum density of charged mater with the momentum density of the corresponding reversed sign plus or minus and neutral sub-fluids. The positively charged mater influences the neutral and negative sub-fluids, the negatively charged mater influences the neutral and plus sub-fluids.
Remark: This coupling is more fundamental than Biot-Savard law in electromagnetism and it derives the later by field-gas flow arguments. Notice that including the influence of the new neutral interaction at paragraph 3, we deduce that only the neutral sub-fluid takes drag-pressures from all states of mater , neutral , positively or negatively charged.
5.4 Derivation of the new equations from momentum conservation
We describe in this paragraph how to obtain the equations of the new electromagnetism. They are non-linear and they do not constitute a Hamiltonian or Langrangian system. In addition the potentials are not gauge invariant, as they represent real material (field-gas or material layer -1, (or in the positive counting 4)) states. What is combined here is a the electrostatic version of electromagnetism, in other words of Coulomb’s law of attraction and repulsion (but for the field-gas rather than for mater) and the new neutral interaction of the Field-gas. The results is the new electromagnetism and also after a special type of linearization, the conventional equations of Maxwell’s electromagnetism.
Exercise 5.4.1 The non-linear Field equations in the absence of matter (see also post 2.10)
Step 0 State the equations that relate the Maxwell’s electromagnetic potentials with the dynamic variables of the plus , neutral and minus sub-fluids of the field-gas
Step1 Start with the equation of momentum conservation (Navier- Stokes) for compressible fluids
For each of the three sub-fluids of the field-gas. You may use it in the form of differential equation as e.g. in the book of [Anderson] equation 2.61 p 101. (Navier-Stokes) or see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navier%E2%80%93Stokes_equations
(3.4.1)
Bulk viscosity is assumed to be constant, otherwise it should not be taken out of the last derivative. The effect of the volume viscosity ζ is that the mechanical pressure is not equivalent to the thermodynamic pressure:
This difference is usually neglected, sometimes by explicitly assuming ζ = 0, but it could have an impact in sound absorption and attenuation and shock waves.
For the special case of an incompressible flow, the pressure constrains the flow so that the volume of fluid elements is constant: isochoric flow resulting in a solenoidal velocity field with ∇ · u = 0.
ρ=a for the density of field-fluid-charge (aether charge) or scalar electromagnetic potential a , u=A for the velocity of charged fluid or vector electromagnetic potential
The way that the three partial sub-fluids combine to give momentum and energy conservation of the total field-gas is simple superposition of momentum and energy (see e.g. [Woods, L.C.] chapter 9 ”Fluid mixtures” pp 200-222 )
For a derivation of the Navier-Stokes equations see e.g. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivation_of_the_Navier%E2%80%93Stokes_equations
For a derivation of the Navier-Stokes equations see e.g. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivation_of_the_Navier%E2%80%93Stokes_equations
The resulting system of equations describes only the mechanical field-gas properties of the new electromagnetism. Not its interaction with charged mater. We have not included any interaction between the parts of say plus sub-fluid or between minus and plus sub-fluid. At this approach of the three sub-fluids, the electromagnetism is a "non-mechanical" interaction relative to the two layers, layer 0, (or in the positive counting 3) and layer -1, (or in the positive counting 4) that we consider. To make it a purely mechanical interaction we should include at least one more material layer, layer -2, (or in the positive counting 5). In the case of gravitation it was necessary also to include three layer, layer +1, (or in the positive counting 2), layer 0, (or in the positive counting 3), layer -1, (or in the positive counting 4), to explain in a purely mechanical way the gravitational interaction of celestial bodies. As we do not do so in electromagnetism, in order to be as close as possible to the Maxwell's equations, and not to introduce layer -2, (or in the positive counting 5)in the equations we result in introducing the "approximating" three sub-fluids , the non-mechanical energy terms of Maxwell are necessary in the equations. History of physics supports only layer -1, (or in the positive counting 4), and even this was partly withdrawn during 20th century, so it would be too daring for the moment to introduce layer -2, (or in the positive counting 5).
Step2 State the energy conservation of each sub-fluid and make the assumption of absence of heat and constant temperature in time and space and of negligible viscosity and diffusion among the partial sub-gasses.In the energy terms of each of the two (plus or minus) sub-fluids we add a term of electric energy density, so that for their combination we take the conventional energy density formula. This is equivalent to assuming constant gravitational field or negligible gravitation underlying the electromagnetic field. Notice that this non-linear electromagnetic field is Galilean invariant and of Galilean relativity not Lorentz invariant and of Lorentz relativity. The Lorentz group will appear only as the symmetries or automorphisms of the final linearization to the linear wave equations (Dalambertian operator)
Add the equations of this assumptionσ in the system of equations.
Step3 State the conventional equations of Maxwell that define the vectors of electric E and magnetic field B from the scalar a and vector electromagnetic potentials A , in order to define the traditional quantities of E (electric intensity) and B (magnetic intensity).
(convectional accelerationof the charged frictionaless fieldmatter)
To these equations add the continuity equations of the partial sub-fluids of the field-gas that give the Lorenz conditions of the potentials in the conventional equations.
The result is the system of equations of the new electromagnetism in the absence of matter
Exercise 5.4.1 Field equations in the presence of matter
In the above picture we add the coupling with the charged matter. The plus and minus sub-fluids need not behave like positive and negative charge by themselves in this formulation. The only assume that the "negative" subfluid is because it is accumulated around a material positive charge. In the same way the “plus” sub-fluid is accumulated around negative material particles.
 |
Step 0 Make use of the new law of coupling (simple proportionality) of moving charged matter with charged field-gas. Make sure that the static interaction of static charged matter with the field fluid results in the simple equation of the conventional Maxwell electrostatic field around say a charged particle, in other words the Poisson equation
Step1 Make use of the new law of the neutral interaction of coupling (simple proportionality) of moving neutral matter with neutral field-gas.
Step2 We have described how the mater is coupled with the field fluid,
which is a symmetric effect. On the other hand conventional Maxwell’s electromagnetism has different equations of how the field is created by mater, and how the field acts on mater. It is not direct how the present formulation might give the conventional Lorentz force equation.
The reasons is that this Lorentz equation is only approximate. We must assume nevertheless the electrostatic part of the Lorenz forces, of the action of the electrostatic field on material charges as part of the derfinition of the plus and minus subfluids.
The difficult part is to obtain the action of the magnetic field on a moving charge. For this you have to resort on that the Magnetic field is the vorticity of a sub-fluid, and the effect of a spinning gyroscope, that when a force is acting on it, the gyroscope moves exactly on a vertical direction to the acting force.
Step3 Add all the above equations to obtain the full system of non-linear equations for the new (field-gas) electromagnetism in the presence of mater.
As the Faraday law is thus only a coarse approximation the energy-density flux and also the energy-momentum matrix are only in this measure approximate!
As we do not have electromagnetic measurements data of the J Searl experiment we cannot verify that this modification can give the quantitative measurements of the new electromagnetic propulsion but only assume and deduce it qualitatively.
5.5 Derivation of the old linear Maxwell equations in the absence of matter
This task is not more difficult than the task of deriving the true equations of electromagnetism.
Exercise 5.5.1 Derivation of the classical Maxwell’s equations from the new equations of electromagnetism.
The calculations and arguments deriving the Maxwell's linear equations of the Electromagnetic field (in the form of D' Alambertian waves equations of the potentials) from those true non-linear of the Navier-Stokes for compressible fluids, involving the electromagnetic potentials,is identical with the classical calculations deriving e.g. the Sound D' Alambertian wave equation either on densities or or velocities from the Classical non-linear Navier-Stokes equations for compressible fluids. Formally it is identical, only the physical interpretation of the quantities differ.
The calculations and arguments deriving the Maxwell's linear equations of the Electromagnetic field (in the form of D' Alambertian waves equations of the potentials) from those true non-linear of the Navier-Stokes for compressible fluids, involving the electromagnetic potentials,is identical with the classical calculations deriving e.g. the Sound D' Alambertian wave equation either on densities or or velocities from the Classical non-linear Navier-Stokes equations for compressible fluids. Formally it is identical, only the physical interpretation of the quantities differ.
Step 0 We state the system of equations of the new electromagnetism and the system of linear equations of Maxwell in the form where it is stated for the potentials, of conventional electromagnetism, which is the target system of equations. In other words the target system of equations is
With ρ=0 and j=0, in other words with zero right sides.
Step1 We notice the similarity of the above equations with the hyperbolic equation of compression waves in a fluid by D’Alembert
As this equation is derived by linearization from the Navier-Stokes equations of fluids, this gives us a hint that we can also derive it from the Navier-Stokes equations that we have used in the absence of matter.
State carefully all the used assumptions to make the linearization
For example if you use in the derivations that
 |
Then you must put it in the hypotheses.
See also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_equation
The Helmholtz decomposition of any velocity field (see e.g. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz_decomposition ), will give that the aether velocity field can be decomposed in to a part with scalar velocity potential (potential or irrotational flow) , and a vector velocity potential (divergence free or solenoidal or incompressible flow).
The first part with the Landau derivation will derive the forced wave of the scalar electromagnetic potential potential, while the second part will derive the forced wave equation of the vector electromagnetic potential. Both are nevertheless linearizations of the non-Linear Navier-Stokes equations of velocities (ad pressures)
Step2 Having obtained the equations of conventional electromagnetism in the form for the potentials, make use the standard procedures to derive the classical equations, over the E, and B. Verify the equation of energy density and tensor of energy-momentum of classical electromagnetism (or electromagnetic pressures of Maxwell on neutral bodies)
Step3 The above complete the derivation of the old electromagnetism from the new electromagnetism.
Simple experimental devices can be defined, where the Maxwell’s linear electromagnetism predicts absolute balance and the magnus effect does
not occur, while the non-linear electromagnetism predicts the magnus effect and buoyancy forces
We can hope, that with this non-linear electromagnetism together with the new insights for the gravitational field, we might be able to predict quantitatively why the J.Searl’s magnet motor gives its levitation. Notice on the other hand that such equations cannot help us to predict the buoyancy force of the Aspden’s gyroscope as it is the magnus effect of the neutral field-gas. Thus even the previous non-linear electromagnetism would require modification to include the interaction of the field-gas charge with the neutral field-gas and of the neutral field-gas with neutral or not bodies. In other words a modification of the non-linear electromagnetism in order to include neutral aetherodynamics
Step 0 We state the system of equations of the new electromagnetism and the system of linear equations of Maxwell in the form where it is stated for the potentials, of conventional electromagnetism, which is the target system of equations. In other words the target system of equations is
5.6 Derivation of the old linear Maxwell equations in the presence of matter
This task is even more difficult than the task of deriving the true equations of electromagnetism in the absence of matter..
Exercise 5.6.1 Derivation of the classical Maxwell’s equations from the new equations of electromagnetism.
Step 0 We state the system of equations of the new electromagnetism and the system of linear equations of Maxwell in the form where it is stated for the potentials, of conventional electromagnetism, which is the target system of equations. In other words the target system of equations is
Step1 We notice the similarity of the above equations with the hyperbolic equation of compression waves in a fluid by D’Alambert
As this equation is derived by linearization from the Navier-Stokes equations of fluids, this gives as a hint that we can also derive it from the Navier-Stokes equations that we have used.
State carefully all the used assumptions to make the linearization
For example if you use in the derivations that
|
Then you must put it in the hypotheses.
See also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_equation
The Helmholtz decomposition of any velocity field (see e.g. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz_decomposition ), will give that the aether velocity field can be decomposed in to a part with scalar velocity potential (potential or irrotational flow) , and a vector velocity potential (divergence free or solenoidal or incompressible flow).
The first part with the Landau derivation will derive the forced wave of the scalar electromagnetic potential potential, while the second part will derive the forced wave equation of the vector electromagnetic potential. Both are nevertheless linearizations of the non-Linear Navier-Stokes equations of velocities (ad pressures)
Step2 Having obtained the equations of conventional electromagnetism in the form for the potentials, make use the standard procedures to derive the classical equations, over the E, and B. Verify the equation of energy density and tensor of energy-momentum of classical electromagnetism (or electromagnetic pressures of Maxwell on neutral bodies)
Step3 The above complete the derivation of the old electromagnetism from the new electromagnetism.
Simple experimental devices can be defined, where the Maxwell’s linear electromagnetism predicts absolute balance and the magnus effect does
not occur, while the non-linear electromagnetism predicts the magnus effect and buoyancy forces
We can hope, that with this non-linear electromagnetism together with the new insights for the gravitational field, we might be able to predict quantitatively why the J.Searl’s magnet motor gives its levitation. Notice on the other hand that such equations cannot help us to predict the buoyancy force of the Aspden’s gyroscope as it is the magnus effect of the neutral field-gas. Thus even the previous non-linear electromagnetism would require modification to include the interaction of the field-gas charge with the neutral field-gas and of the neutral field-gas with neutral or not bodies. In other words a modification of the non-linear electromagnetism in order to include neutral aetherodynamics
5.7 New predictions
An important feature of the new non-linear equations is that they permit predict the magnus effect which is the basic idea of the principle of wings and the idea of a propeller for the new electromagnetic field. Thus we may anticipate the existence of a simulation of propellers with electric currents configurations and the existence of electromagnetic field-helicopters or electromagnetic field-tornado generators . This propulsion is not the weak propulsion of the neutral field-gas, but of strong momentum exchange as the Lorenz forces are in action, for charged material parts. We may anticipate also the existence of simulations of the turbine engine, with electric currents. Nevertheless it is not direct to realize if it is adequate for transportation in the vacuum if only conventional forms of energy supply are used. But if power not only by the energy in the currents but also with the energy of the gravitational field then there is no doubt about it. For this we shall discuss more in the next paragraphs. Simple primitive or miniature flying discs have been manufactured all over the world by at least 300 different inventors.(see Lifter device replications inhttp://jnaudin.free.fr/html/liftbldr.htm ) They exhibit the half of what is required in a flying disc, that is only the electromagnetic propulsion or lifting effect, not the energy production effect.
This should be considered the new electromagnetic propulsion that may change the landscape in the technology of transportation, inside and outside the planet.
5.8 Short explanation of experimental effects.
New propulsion at the J Searl’s motor:
It seems to me that the rotating magnets and the rings in this motor create a small tornado in the electromagnetised field-gas. Simple momentum conservation should give that there is absorbed momentum by the motor, in a axial direction opposite to the gravitation acceleration. The system should not be much different than the momentum exchange by a propeller in air or a turbine engine, or rather of a tornado pushing up an object at its top, only that here is not the air but the electromagnetised field-gas, and not only the neutral field-gas drag-forces that are weak, but the Lorenz forces that are much stronger. For more details for the explanation of the creation of an electromagnetic small tornado at the base of the motor wemust come back to this after the new insights in the gravitation. Assuming here nevertheless that such a small tornado is indeed created, and its energy for rotation is powered by the gravitational field, then it is simple Lorentz forces analysis to derive the observed propulsion. The electromagnetic tornado, has magnetic field B parallel to the axis of rotation and also electric field E also parallel to the axis of rotation. The axial currents of the motor which are created, by the centrifugal force, are acted by the magnetic field of the (external) tornado and the result is after the formula of the Lorentz forces, an acceleration of the rotation. Which is indeed observed. The outflow of electrons has rendered the motor, electrically charged, and the action of the axial electric field E of the (external) tornado, gives the linear upward buoyancy force. The above explain both the rotational and linear propulsion.
It is obvious that
a) The same effect can be reproduced without mechanical rotation, but simply with circuits. An obvious such configurations of circuits would be 1) a lower spiral-conic (the vertex of the cone pointing downwards) coil that would initiate the external tornado which must have upward spiral motion, and which once created is supported by the potential energy of the gravitational field. 2) An upper ordinary cylindrical coil, of a separate circuit, with opposite downward magnetic field to the magnetic field of the lower coil and the external tornado, to take as repulsion the upward magnetic field of the (external tornado) as a “wing”. The results is a small miniature flying disc powered with DC current.! Care must be taken to regulate the lower electromagnetic tornado to keep its intensity within limits.
Remark added 2005:Also I would like to draw attention to the old Biefeld-Brown effect discovered byThomas Townsend Brown in 1928 and the patent of T. Brown on asymmetric capacitors. See http://jnaudin.free.fr/lifters/main.htm
The construction described in the previous internet link (lifter project, it lifts a small mouse!) of a triangular lattice with hexagonal symmetry ,and with triangular capacitors, that are asymmetric (the one pole is with a foil instead of wire) is the simplest toy-flying disc with DC current that I know. It seems to me that this effect of lifting can be explained with the new insights of gas-field dynamics when a small wind or tornado is created in the gas-field) Exactly as in the molecular air there different designs that may lead to flying (e.g. Helicopters, Turbine engine airplanes, wind airplanes without engine etc) so there are many different designs that in the field-gas would produce the flying or lifting effect. In the field-gas (electromagnetised or not)
b) It is also obvious that there are modifications, and improvements to the usual electric motors, so as to take advantage of such rotational only propulsion effects, powered by the gravitational field, and give more mechanical rotational energy than the electric energy consumed to power them! The gain here is not electric energy but, mechanical rotational energy. To do so, we should take advantage of the rotation already existing in an ordinary motor, and create a cylindrical magnetic field parallel to the axis of rotation. (e.g. interior of an external enclosing coil, or magnet on the rotor with B parallel to the axis of the rotor). This magnetic field is amplified by the potential energy of the gravitational field as described in the paragraph 7.8. If we have provided in addition the rotor of the motor with radial currents vertical to the axis of rotation, the magnetic field above would act on them by Lorentz forces and would amplify the rotation of the motor (at the cost of the potential energy of the gravitational field and not at the cost of the electric power supply!)
The above explain the existence of at least 30 different type of generators in the Internet that generate more energy that is given to them. There are plenty many different designs that are possible besides that of DePalma, Searl etc
5.9 Experimental facts to investigate:
The next seem to be necessary if it is to clarify the necessary modifications for the new macroscopic electromagnetism.
1) Measurements of the constants λ1 ,λ2
2) Measurements of simple dynamic effects around simple electric current configurations that are not predictable from Maxwell’s equations.
E.g. can we simulate the magnuss effect of rotating cylinders in air with coils and appropriate configurations of the electromagnetic field. And get a force not predictable by Maxwell?
3) The new non-linear electromagnetism which is a synthesis of the neutral interaction called often antigravity and the older linear electromagnetism of Maxwell, has experiments that prove it more correct compared to the Maxwell’s linear electromagnetism. Such experiments are of two kinds:
a) Interaction of moving charged or magnetised bodies
b) Interaction of two moving bodies or one moving and the other not, from which only one is charged or magnetised and the other is neutral and non-magnetised.
The second case gives the most spectacular deviations from the Maxwell’s electromagnetism as, the latter predicts no interaction at all of a neutral and non-magnetised body, moving or not with a charged ormagnetised body. E.g. A insulator cylinder as core of a coil, has certainly according to Maxwell no influence at all to the current of the coil. But in the present non-linear electromagnetism, if the insulator cylinder is fast rotating, then according to the Aspden experiment, it applies drag forces to the neutral field-gas, which in its turn starts rotating, and applies drag forces to the wires of the coil. The drag forces, act to the free electrons too, which, because they are free, start a weak current, which may be measured directly or measured as change of the resistance, or conductivity in the coil. In its turn this has as effect change in the Magnetic field of the coil.
In this effect that can be called interaction of neutral currents-with electric currents is based the measurement of the neutral field-gas flow of a living body (e.g. acupunctures channels and centres) with the changes in the electric conductivity of the skin or of the air close to the tissues.
And I would not believe easily someone that would perform an experiments as the above, and would hush to conclude that no such effect occurs. In an experiment there are some small but crucial details, that if they are not determined appropriately, the effect is not observed. It is this that shows if the experimentalist knows well the physics of the phenomenon, and expects the result, or if he does not and expects that no effect shall occur. For example when British Aerospace tried to repeat the Aspden experiment, it ended with no result at all for a whole year, in spite the efforts. It was only much later, when they discovered, a “minor” difference in the orientation, of the device and the orientation of rotation, compared to the original setting of Aspden. A better understanding of the effect as the familiar Magnus effect of aerodynamics, but for the neutral field-gas would give them from the beginning the right placement of the parts.
5.10 Final remarks
Although applications of new electromagnetic propulsion, without the involvement directly of the gravitational field, and with conventional energy supply, are a simpler evolution in the societies, it seems to me that is more difficult in theoretisation, because of the non-mechanical nature of the electric interactions. So although it is easy to anticipate dynamic effects of the field-gas as a mechanical ideal gas as in the paragraph 2, it is not obvious how to modify the Maxwell’s electromagnetism which is not of a mechanical character.
We should try also alternative ideas so as to derive Maxwell’s equations from the momentum and energy conservations of fluids plus some more non-mechanical assumptions. I would not insist in the idea of the three sub-fluids so much, as I would insists to involve the energy and momentum conservation of fluids, that model the field-gas. Only more than two layers of material fluids (at least layer –2, (or in the positive counting 5) too!) would render electromagnetism to a purely mechanical phenomenon.
We may mention here the work by Dr Ing Konstantine Meyl
We may mention here the work by Dr Ing Konstantine Meyl
The experimental kit of scalar waves free-energy , which is an easily reproducible experiment to measure free-energy, by professor Dr-lng. Konstantin Meyl.
It is a miniature setting of the Tesla towers.
In the link and pdf below, professor Konstantin Meyl describes in detail simple experimental setting of miniature Tesla towers in University laboratory, so as to measure beyond doubt the free-energy. He also proves the existence of scalar (non-vector or non-Herz) ) waves of the electromagnetised aether (probably of displacement current too) . In neutral aether, such waves would be the aether sound compression waves (travelling of course at the speed of light).
(as a pdf file it can be downloaded from here https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/107295772/ScalarWaveTechnology-Experimental-Kit2003.pdf )
The scalar waves, that Dr Konstantine Meyl measures withe miniature Tesla towwers in his experimental kit, are most probably , the scalar waves of the presure of electromagnetised aether , or equivalently, the scalar waves of the scalar electromagnetic potential.
The scalar waves, that Dr Konstantine Meyl measures withe miniature Tesla towwers in his experimental kit, are most probably , the scalar waves of the presure of electromagnetised aether , or equivalently, the scalar waves of the scalar electromagnetic potential.
